Yellow River (Huang He)

The cradle of Chinese civilization

The Yellow River, sometimes simply called "the River" in ancient Chinese, is the second longest river in China (after the Yangtze River) and the seventh longest in the world, at 5,463 kilometres.

Originating in the Bayankala Mountains in Qinghai province in western China, it flows through nine provinces of China and empties into the Bohai Sea.

It is called the Yellow River because huge amounts of loess soil turn the water that color. So much of this mineral-rich soil ends up in the Yellow River that it can fill the riverbed and thus change the river’s course.

 The Yellow River is called the "Mother River of China" and "the Cradle of Chinese Civilization" in China, as its basin is the birth-place of the northern Chinese civilizations and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history. But frequent devastating flooding, largely due to the elevated river bed in its lower course, has also earned it the distinction as "China's Sorrow".

Current threats
The Yellow River is indicative of the problems affecting many of China's rivers. Pollution, hydropower, and intensive water extraction for human consumption, agriculture, and industrial purposes are all taking their toll on the river.

The Chinese government estimates that around two-thirds of the Yellow River's water is too polluted to drink ¹  and according to the Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs, a Beijing-based NGO, 4.3 billion tonnes of waste flowed into the Yellow River in 2005 ².

Around 30% of fish species in the river are believed to have become extinct and the river's fish catch declined by 40%.

The river is extremely prone to flooding and accounts for some of the deadliest disasters in human history. In 1931 an estimated 1 million died in a massive flood. A key reason for the severity of the floods is deforestation up river³ and the embankment of tributaries for irrigation⁴. These practices date back thousands of years.