A Nigerian national, born at Obosi, he studied Classics at University College, Ibadan, and graduated in 1959 with a London University Honours Degree as a College Scholar. After 2 years with the Commonwealth Development Corporation, and 4 years in the Nigerian Foreign Service, including a period at the United Nations, he joined the Commonwealth Secretariat in 1966.
Aside from a short term as Nigerian Foreign Minister in 1983, Chief Anyaoku spent 34 years with the Commonwealth and held the positions of Director for International Affairs, Assistant Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.
Chief Anyaoku has also been a member of the International Board of the United World Colleges and the Governing Council of the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre at Cambridge and the World Commission on Forestry.
He is now also currently President of The Royal Commonwealth Society and President of The Royal Africa Society, Vice-Chairperson Board of the South Centre, Geneva, and Trustee of the British Museum, UK.